12/08/2011

智慧與財富

智慧可以令人產生財富及保存財富,沒有智慧卻會令人失去財富。



甚麼是沒有智慧的表現呢?近日警方經常在大埔的單車徑提醒行人不要用單車徑,騎單車的人士不要用行人路。奇怪的是有不少人看見警察或交通督導員站在單車徑上卻照行可也,而騎單車的人也有些同樣使用行人路,被票控破財也無話可說。
同樣有警察站在附近,行人照樣不依行人燈過馬路,也同樣被票控。有家長甚至不理燈號,行人燈是紅色時帶同子女過馬路,車輛響號也照橫過,以為車輛撞倒行人一定是司機不對,原來行人也有情況要負責任,當沒有保險保障時行人便大禍臨頭。這有更深層次的問題,當不留意周邊的事物時,錯誤甚至是受騙便接踵而來。
又有人原來不知道在恆生銀行的櫃員機可以用匯豐銀行的提款咭。那邊廂在月初時匯豐銀行銀行的櫃員機大排長龍,附近不到10秒步行距離的恆生銀行櫃員機卻無人問津。這又是沒有運用智慧的明證。
公司上市的意義是籌集資金,更深層的意義是抽水,大股東拿現金套現還債或作其他用途,保薦人收取佣金,投資者買入股票,股票卻不一定企在招股價以上。投資者的資產隨時不保本。金融市場在金融海嘯後有一系列的系統性問題要解決,過份相信「上市便是好的」,只會弄得其反。政府把港鐵及領匯上市便是好的例子。上市公司只會追求股東回報,其他的都是較次要的事,對社會來說更是負數的回報,偏偏我們的政府犯上了散戶也同樣犯的錯誤。
公司減價可以是真的優惠顧客,更多時候是儘快把存貨出售,以免市況有變時夜長夢多,不能賣出好價錢。若消費者不是有真的需要,一看見減價便把貨品買下,原來只是把由商家持有存貨的風險轉移到顧客手中。
到旅行社訂飛機票或酒店被告之沒有機位或房間,你如此相信便大錯特錯,每一間旅行社與某航空公司或酒店有一定的協議,以某價格銷售機位或酒店房間,賣完了並不表示航班或酒店已滿,你可以到別的旅行社再查看,或直接向航空公司或酒店訂位。現今旅遊網站盛行,不難找出當中的差異。
有智慧的人不跟風,時刻都想是否有替代的方法,而不只是默守成規。
李兆波
中大酒店及旅遊管理學院會計及財務高級導師

12/07/2011

假如沒有7.8

【iMoney智富雜誌—荷馬學人集】
特首曾蔭權早前接受彭博電視專訪,自信地揚言美國對沖基金Pershing Square(PS)押注港元Unpeg(脫勾),最終只會「大失血」。這叫我想起當年放洋留學,「朝思暮想」博士畢業論文題材,曾想過以港元聯繫匯率為研究題目,並就此請教系內享負盛名的Advisor。惟我得到的答案是︰「你最好避之則吉。」這題材需要理論支持,收集數據又難,結論往往模稜兩可,隨時浪費多年時間也寫不出一份符合畢業資格的論文。故此我一直懷疑,香港聯匯的背後,究竟有沒有有力的研究報告支持,抑或7.8這個匯率,其實只是官僚主義下沒人膽敢更改的Outdated數字?
我不打算深入討論聯繫匯率好壞,但我想用一個簡單例子嘗試解釋聯匯的問題。首先,我們試想像港元不存在,而香港的流通貨幣是黃金。
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港府每天在做蝕本買賣
金價短期升跌會改變企業的長遠投資策略,對各行業特別是出入口有關者都有著舉足輕重的影響。所以我同意穩定的金價對穩定的經濟增長,擔當極重要角色。不過,代價是甚麼?
金價下跌時,我們的「金」管局要動用外匯儲備以高於市場價格「托住」金價,好維持匯率水平。金價急升,我們則要賤賣黃金以遏抑金價。若套用在現今經濟局面,就是賣黃金換來美元,還要被迫在投資零息兼有破產危機的美債上。這正式是低賣高買,再留住堆有朝一日可能變垃圾的美元做儲備。這種交易真的只有傻佬才會做,香港的「穩定繁榮」,難道就靠著港人做此蝕本買賣得來?
其實基金衝擊港元,也不過是用激進手法教精食古不化的政府,自政府的失誤中順手牽羊撈一點油水而已。很多人責怪基金佬這種賺錢方式「無良」,但計我話,他們再「冇品」也不過跟「人民力量」的粗口掟蕉攻勢打個平手吧。然而和「嫉惡如仇」的曾政府對著幹,投機者最後是鎩羽而歸還是賺到笑,便要看他們如何押注港元。
相比港元,掛勾的另一端美元不利因素多的是,所以有腦的投機者若押注港元Unpeg,亦會同時押注港元升值,方法可以是買港元Forward(遠期合約),或像PS般買港元Call。
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對沖基金輸有限贏無限
首先講講港元的Forward,它不用先付錢,Downside當然是港元貶值,不過港元已經Undervalued,加上特區政府一意孤行,維持聯繫匯率,出現Downside的可能性很小。雖然Upside的可能性亦低,不過一旦港元升值,回報便非常可觀。
至於買港元Call,要先付Premium。好處是Downside有限,港元大貶值也不會受影響。由於聯匯的關係,港元兌美元的Volatility(波動性)低,Call的價錢也很便宜。Upside當然是港元升值。由此可見,只要港元不脫勾,投機者的損失實在有限。金管局過往游手好閒,沒有因應市場環境更新聯繫匯率,所以港元充滿上調空間。若然港元終有一天自由浮動,投機者一定賺得盆滿缽滿,並不如特首形容般「大失血」。
這種風險小、回報高的投資方法正是對沖基金所喜好。雖說港元一直不脫勾,投機者也沒有著數,不過這就像不斷買六合彩,本小利大,更何況港元升值是有基本因素支持。
留意買賣衍生工具如Forward和Call是Zero-sum game(零和遊戲),即是同一天空同一時間下,有人正在跟這些幾乎賺硬的投機者對賭。那麼誰是帷幕後「贏粒糖輸間廠」的人?就是你和我廣大的香港巿民!
朋友有多餘資金的,多數會買人幣或投資外幣,這行徑其實便是賤賣港元。當曾特首揶揄PS「大失血」前,其實應認真檢討一下聯匯,看看港人是否已血流成河。
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撰文:荷馬學人
三位識於微時的「七十後」金融界精英,畢業於美國著名學府。黃元山在紐倫港打滾投行11年後,現轉投評論和慈善工作;另外兩人完成博士學位後自組對沖基金。他們期望運用經濟學的思維,透視社會光怪陸離的現象。
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12/06/2011

怎樣才算是最「便宜」?

朋友P的父母是典型省吃儉用的長輩,由於出身寒微,他們習慣在消費前,都會再三考慮,認為值得才會花費。雖然朋友P的家庭算不上富裕,但能過著愉快的日子。然而有時候,朋友P的父母為了怎樣才算是最「便宜」的問題而爭論,他們各有理據,令到朋友P左右為難。



話說有一天,朋友P的媽媽應朋友的邀請,出席一個自助午餐的聚會。由於當天的食物非常鹹,所以午餐聚會後,朋友P的媽媽感到非常口渴,於是她跑到快餐店,想要一杯凍檸茶來解渴。朋友P的媽媽仔細地看著餐牌,發現一杯凍檸茶索價13元,而一份茶餐(公司三文治加凍檸茶)索價26元。在稍加考慮後,朋友P的媽媽決定選擇三文治及凍檸茶的茶餐。稍後,朋友P的媽媽與家人分享當天發生的事情,可是引發了爭論,朋友P的爸爸覺得那茶餐不便宜,最便宜應只要一杯13元的凍檸茶。讀者閱讀至此,你覺得那樣才算是最「便宜」呢?究竟媽媽朋友P的有道理,還是爸爸有道理?
其實,兩者都沒有錯,他們爭論的原因是兩者用不同的尺去量度「便宜」。朋友P的爸爸用的尺是金額的絕對值,只要能滿足需求、花費金額最少便是最「便宜」的選擇。他覺得一杯凍檸茶既能解渴,花費也是最少,所以朋友P的媽媽應該選擇單叫凍檸茶。至於朋友P的媽媽,她除了考慮貨品價錢外,還考慮質量,即是否「物有所值」。雖然26元是花多了,但她有凍檸茶,也有三文治,吃剩的三文治還可以拿回家給朋友P作下午茶,這比花13元只有凍檸茶更「物有所值」。 而餐廳方面其實是想利用套餐去加大每宗的消費額。
在上述的例子,由於凍檸茶或茶餐涉及的金額不多,兩者帶來的滿足感分別也不大,所以選擇哪樣食品都無傷大雅。相類似的情況是聖誕節自助餐,你會選擇價格低一點但普通的自助餐,還是價格貴一點但款式多、有高級食材的自助餐?如何才算是「便宜」或「物有所值」,這全然是個人選擇,也沒有對錯。
如果你想成為精明的消費者,最好的習慣是除了考慮貨品的價格外,也要考慮貨品的性能及質素──究竟你想要「金額低」但有機會物非所值,還是「稍為昂貴」但物有所值的東西,尤其是當你買一些金額極高的物品,例如物業,售價及質素都要給予考慮,因為這會影響個人日後的財務安排。畢竟有時候,「物有所值」比「便宜」更重要。
李兆波
中大酒店及旅遊管理學院會計及財務高級導師

11/28/2011

投資者應該悲觀還是樂觀?

《華爾街日報》 --心靈可以把地獄變成天堂,也可以把天堂變成地獄。──英國詩人約翰彌爾頓



在聖經舊約中,雅各的兒子約瑟受到多位哥哥的嫉妒,被他們設局推入大坑等死。不久,正好一支商隊路過,有人搭救了他,但將他賣到埃及為奴。在埃及,他又遭 人嫉妒,受陷害身陷囹圄。約瑟有一萬個理由悲觀、絕望。然而,他沒有。在監獄中,他學會了解夢,並因此受到法老的賞識,當上了全權的大臣。後來約瑟寬恕了他幾位哥哥的罪惡,並對他們說,從前你們是要來害我的,但神的意思原來是好的,成就了我今日的光景。

原來,約瑟所遭遇到的都是上天派來的天使,只不過其中有些戴著魔鬼的面具而已。

「悲觀」雖然不是一個金融投資方面的專業術語,卻是在財經新聞和投資分析中最常見到的詞之一。從某種角度看,看待世界的哲學只有兩種:樂觀主義哲學與悲觀主義哲學。看待投資的哲學也只有兩種:樂觀主義投資哲學與悲觀主義投資哲學。

對投資者而言,到底應該是樂觀,還是悲觀?有人或許會試圖用辯證法來回答這個問題:該樂觀時樂觀,該悲觀時悲觀;既不要樂觀,也不要悲觀;既要樂觀也要悲觀。但這是辯證法還是詭辯法?是讓人更明白還是更糊塗?辯證法沒有能夠提供有效的、可行的答案。

樂觀主義分兩種:一種是一廂情願的、無可救藥的樂觀主義;一種是審慎的、謙卑的、保守的樂觀主義。極端的樂觀主義與悲觀主義相通,前者往往是後者的序曲。樂觀與悲觀之間的選擇是一個常識性的選擇,如果你不知道該樂觀還是悲觀,那你看看周圍的人際環境,你是願意與樂觀的投資者共事,還是願意與悲觀的投資者共事?你願意投資對其前景樂觀的公司,還是對其前景悲觀的公司?你是喜歡周圍的人總是面帶微笑,還是總是愁眉苦臉?

可取的選擇,一定是願意與審慎的樂觀主義者共事。你的同事們也是如此,只有你是審慎的樂觀主義者,他們才願意與你共事。

有人可能會說,不是我想悲觀,但是所發生的事情,的確無法讓我樂觀,面對悲觀的事實,我們必須實事求是。但是,保守主義都是所謂的唯心主義者,認為態度比事實重要。態度是心靈的粉刷,這把粉刷把事實刷成甚麼顏色,事實就是甚麼顏色。

一個人是否樂觀,與所發生的事之間的關系,並沒有想象的那麼大。因為,你去找甚麼,你就能找到甚麼。你去街上找垃圾,肯定能找到,拾荒者在街上找能換錢的廢品,從不空手而回;你要找死胡同,死胡同就在眼前;你要去找通衢,通衢也在眼前。你去找悲觀,悲觀唾手可得;找樂觀,樂觀隨處都是。甚至在人性中,你想找甚麼,也能找到甚麼。所以,千萬不要去假定整個世界在處處與你作對,假定你一生下來,頭上就陰雲密布。

樂觀的人關注的是機遇,悲觀的人關注的是障礙。為了證明自己正確,樂觀的人期待成功,悲觀的人期待失敗。價值投資者把自己的洞察力都用去找價值,自信而樂觀地去找。樂觀主義身處隧道的盡頭,仍然在尋找光線。悲觀主義把自己看作是結果,認為自己是被決定的,樂觀主義把自己看作是原因,認為自己能決定結果。不要糾纏於甚麼發生在你身上,而是你能讓甚麼發生。

古羅馬哲學家塞涅卡(Seneca)說過:心要讓眼瞎的時候,眼是甚麼都看不見的(Eyes will not see when the heart wishes them to be blind.)。一個悲觀的人,常常無視樂觀的東西,更不會去把悲觀的變成樂觀的。他總是能找到許多悲觀的理由和事實。

我們不得不承認,其中許多理由和事實常常是成立的。大多數人很唯物、實事求是,把難題當難題,把機會當機會。但是,有少數人,他們很唯心、很樂觀,拒絕實事求是,偏偏要把難題看作成難逢的機會,並最終成功地把它們變為機會。一個悲觀的人是把機會變成難題的人,一個樂觀的人是把難題看成機會的人。對樂觀者來說,不論多麼悲觀的事,如果要從中尋找樂觀,不僅能找到,而且會不斷湧現。

一個人能控制的不是讓甚麼發生,不讓甚麼發生,而是對所發生事件的態度。如果你樂觀,你就能找到希望;如果你悲觀,你就失望,乃至絕望。樂觀是務實的,而悲觀是不務實的,務虛的。悲觀不是鼓勵而是阻止你去採取積極有效的應對措施,會讓你猶豫不決,浪費時間,浪費機會。而這兩個,都是每個人所浪費不起的。

樂觀積極的態度能產生積極的能量。樂觀主義者,無視悲觀的,尋找並盯住樂觀的,進而把悲觀的變成樂觀的。面對難題,是集中在難上,還是集中在解決方案上?如果發生了甚麼,冷靜下來認真評估,創造性地思維,採取合理的措施,爭取好的結果,每一次禍事都會讓樂觀主義者登上一個大台階。1989年,巴菲特在一封信中寫道:我足夠樂觀地期望,我生命中最有意義的篇章還有翻開。現在看來,巴菲特的樂觀是有道理的,價值投資者的樂觀也是有道理的。

衡量一個人、一個投資者的智慧與境界,就是看他能否從萬事萬物中找到好的、令人樂觀的一面。如果你是審慎而堅定的樂觀主義者,那就不妨進行長線的價值投資;如果你是個悲觀主義者,你只能去進行短線的投機,因為機會稍縱即逝,陷阱無處不在。審慎的樂觀是最簡單也最富饒的投資智慧,比投資技能重要千萬倍。它不僅讓你成功,而且能救命。炒股失敗跳樓的絕不可能是價值投資者,當然也不是樂觀主義者。

英國詩人彌爾頓說過:心靈可以把地獄變成天堂,也可以把天堂變成地獄。簡而言之,即使是地獄,也要把它變成天堂。理性的樂觀主義者準備好最壞的,爭取最好的。前者讓你理性,後者讓你樂觀。

我個人的信條是,當發現有魔鬼從後門溜進來的時候,一定要先確定,他們是不是面戴魔鬼面具的天使。與期待天使相比,我更期待戴著天使面具的魔鬼。遇見天使,這本身就是一件好事。而遇見戴著天使面具的魔鬼,我必須把這件事變成好事,這樣,我的成就與成就感也大得多。在証券市場,熊市對悲觀主義者來說絕對是魔鬼,而對樂觀的價值投資者來說,不過是戴著魔鬼面具的天使。

撰稿:華爾街日報 劉軍寧
(作者劉軍寧,北京大學政治學博士,中國文化研究所研究員,著有《保守主義》、《共和﹒民主﹒憲政》、《權力現象》等。)

市場相關度上升 何處才是避風港?

《華爾街日報》 --舞台正中是無休無止的歐洲債務危機,背景是疲軟的全球經濟增長前景,面對這樣一幕,怎麼能責怪投資者缺乏膽量呢?



他們剛剛從希臘債務危機中回過神來,正在努力琢磨意大利究竟欠了多少錢、欠了誰的錢,與此同時,國際貨幣基金組織(International Monetary Fund)總裁拉嘉德(Christine Lagarde)開始公開討論全球將陷入「失落的十年」的前景。

我們只能假設,如果沃倫巴菲特(Warren Buffett)堅持使用他那個「人懼我貪」的老辦法,他肯定正在進行力度空前的大手筆投資,因為現在市場彌漫著恐懼。

但問題是,被傳得神乎其神的投資避風港,即所謂避險資產,是越來越難找了。

這場債務危機的本質決定了許多傳統避險資產都已不再可靠。的確如此,發達市場政府債券不再是「零風險」,而是常常成為引發最可怕災難的罪魁禍首,這就是這場危機的本質。

就連那些本應是安全穩定的資產回報也少得可憐。舉例來說,英國是有著AAA級的信用評級,但10年期英國國債收益率也一度降到紀錄低點。即使英國能長期保持頂級評級,考慮到5%左右的通貨膨脹率,這點回報也實在沒甚麼吸引力。

如果再稍稍深究一步,你很快就會發現,就連最安全的發達市場債券也帶著小小的定時炸彈;英國和日本在競爭「地球上負債最高國家」地位。那麼德國呢?它的鄰居們實在是太糟糕了。

外匯市場情況也與此類似。日圓和瑞士法郎原本是外匯市場的傳統救生艇,但日本央行和瑞士央行準備讓投資者收拾行李下船了。為瑞士法郎兌歐元走強而頭疼的瑞士央行已經發誓,要通過不設上限的賣出操作來對付所有試圖推高瑞士法郎的人。日本央行沒那麼直截了當,但過去一段時間也採取了一定的干預措施來削弱日圓漲勢。

除純粹的金融資產外,農田和房地產也是傳統的避險資產。但從歷史標準來看,農田價格已經很昂貴了,而房地產是否堅挺仍然是個疑問。次貸危機帶來了慘痛教訓,抵押貸款市場仍然普遍受到可用信貸缺乏的影響。

不過還有一個更大的問題,這就是與金融危機相伴而來的市場相關度的普遍上升。匯豐(HSBC)近期的研究發現,不僅不同市場之間的相關度處於紀錄高位,甚至在股市內部,個股價格之間的聯動也強得令人難以置信。

匯豐的分析師寫道,這些相關性極強,以至於無論持有何種頭寸,「所有人都暴露在相同的風險敞口下」。這種說法也許有點戲劇化,但至少可以說,當前這種極強的相關性讓傳統的避險和多元化策略變得很難操作。

正如英國基金管理公司標準人壽投資(Standard Life Investments)全球主題策略師弗朗西絲漢森(Frances Hansen)近期在「有沒有避險資產?」(Are There Any Safe Havens?)這篇清醒的文章中所述,投資多元化越來越難了。就連曾被視為具有抗跌特性的股票(這類股票有投資價值,不過一般走勢沉悶,包括製藥、電信 和公共事業股)也陷入了困境,因為它們似乎將與大盤走勢保持一致。
接踵而至的希臘和意大利危機讓投資者血壓上升,這種情形只會使市場相關度進一步增強。問題在於,只要債務危機不化解,投資者就不太可能放鬆神經,這可能意味著未來一些年他們得一直忍受高相關度帶來的煎熬。

最終,投資者似乎只剩下美元和黃金可選。在我們都對近幾十年來的金融創新成就深信不疑的當下,出現這種情況恐怕沒甚麼可炫耀的。

美元能得到及格分,原因是,美元不是歐元,而斯堪的那維亞國家貨幣等其他不是歐元的可靠貨幣規模都不夠大,不足以填補空白。然而,站在美元背後的美國聯邦儲備委員會預計將把超低利率至少堅持到2013年年中,而且完全有可能會在美國經濟無法復甦的情況下再次採取刺激政策。所以,美元很可能沒那麼安全。而且, 美國自己也已經喪失了頂級信用評級。

假如歷史經驗有參考價值,那麼我們會知道,在政府大印鈔票時黃金顯然會有不錯的表現,但金價本身已經接近紀錄高位了,一旦投資者需要彌補別處的損失,黃金會容易遭遇拋售。
也許避險資產很像是歐元區債務危機的最終解決方案,市場對兩者都寄予熱切希望,但要找到它們都不容易。

正如標準人壽所說,「投資者應該利用各種情境,構築靈活的投資組合,但他們不可能做到完美地保護自己。」

這句話的前半部分可謂「說起來容易做起來難」;後半部分呢,也許最終會成為含蓄表述的範例。

撰稿:華爾街日報DAVID COTTLE

11/17/2011

低頭的代價

【iMoney智富雜誌—荷馬學人集】

上個星期,同文憤怒荷馬帶出一個饒有興味的問題:如果世界的資源取之不盡,物質比較便變得沒有意義,我們毋須再為兩餐奔馳,那是否等到彼時人才會「為理想奮鬥」?
前幾天應一個青年組織(國際成就計劃)的邀請,跟來自七家中學的「九十後」對談。我分享了我自己「那些年」的經歷,就是中四中五讀理科,會考後拿著優良的理科成績轉讀文科,之後遠赴芝加哥大學唸經濟。一位名校生隨即說道,他對人文學科比較有興趣,但為了畢業後能在香港這個金融城巿覓得好工,賺生計餬口,是否應該轉讀商科呢?
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你人生追求的是甚麼?
回答這個問題前,先讓我給大家說一個故事。十多年前,我在美國獲投資銀行聘用,由此展開了暗無天日的工作生涯,大部分日子,我每星期工作100小時。彼時有一個搞藝術的朋友,見我總是非常疲累,就說她自己只會為理想而工作,才不會像我一樣在投行「捱生捱死」。轉眼十多年,她嫁了一個有錢商人,已不用為生活奔波,我剛有機會再見到她,便問她如果其兒子問她以上問題,她會如何回答,她沉思了一會,沒有做聲。做投行並不一定沒有理想,搞藝術或沒錢賺的事,也未必對社會有更大貢獻。問題的關鍵只在於,你知不知道自己對生命的追求是甚麼。
有些人能夠高舉理想,永遠站在道德的高地,是因為他們擁有資源。所謂資源,可以是自己或是家庭的物質供應,可以是自己的才幹(有才幹,可以找一份相對低收入的工作,仍然可以餬口;光有理想而沒有才幹,有可能連餬口也成問題。《3 Idiots》(作死不離3兄弟)這套電影的圓滿,在於它是一個神話:兩個主角皆是天才,一個是機電工程天才,一個是攝影天才)。但對於一些沒有資源的人來說,比方說,沒有同樣的才幹或者物質支持,我們是否仍然告訴他們去追隨自己的理想?
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追夢前計算機會成本
我們都知道,處身香港,追尋理想的機會成本非常高,追隨自己的理想是有代價的。有些人為此而賺少很多錢,也有人為此而生活艱苦;我身邊有不少這樣的朋友,是我敬重的,因為他們清楚自己的追求。但是,我反對因為自己有條件追求理想,就輕率地否定其他人對自己生命的選擇。我尊重每個人,都有計算自己能否付上追尋理想的代價的權利。
不過,話說回頭,很多人在計算機會成本時,卻往往忽視時間是我們最寶貴的資源。我們只能活一次,或許我們可以這樣作結:「若然賺得全世界,卻賠上了一輩子的光陰,又有甚麼益處呢?」
總結一句,選擇追隨理想的,不要站在道德高地講「風涼話」;但要抉擇的時候,要懂得計算機會成本,因為追隨理想雖然有代價,但不追隨理想的代價可能會更大。
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10/24/2011

平孔難生存 賭博求富貴


在外圍馬的世界,有一個術語,叫作「平孔」。意即莊家接受了投注者的投注後,只要投注者的人數夠多,注碼夠分散,風險也就分散了,莊家便可以坐享其利,甚麼也不用做,只要任由投注者互相對賭,自己賺了「水份」,就可以了。
但是在實際的操作上,莊家是不可能完全「平孔」的,因為一個莊家不可能大如馬會,投注一定側向某些方向,而更大的可能是,因為外圍馬有折扣,所以越是職業的賭徒,買外圍莊家的機會率會更高。
保險公司猶如外圍莊家
所以,現時莊家們的做法,是自己有「分析員」,去決定究竟接不接受某些投注,太危險的「貨」,則會發給行家,或打回給馬會,對冲了風險。換言之,今日的外圍馬的經營手法,是同客戶對賭,而馬會則是「賺份水」,兩者是不同的概念。
保險公司的本意也是「平孔」,由客戶互相分擔風險,當風險因大數而完全對冲了之後,便可以賺取了差價。可是今日的保險公司的運作本質,卻是把客戶的保費去拿去投資,風險自會增大了,但是利潤也增加了。
銀行變質 拿客戶的錢去賭
在銀行,本來的經營模式是存戶存入資金,銀行把資金放貸出去,賺取息差。頂多是賣賣金融產品(雷曼債券?),賺賺佣金,輸的永遠只會是客戶,銀行只賺佣金,不涉風險。可是現在的銀行既賭債券,也賭外滙,而且涉及大量的衍生工具,很容易就會告訴大家,它在何時何時,輸掉了幾百億元。
在證券公司,本來也是賺取佣金,業務簡單之至。可是現在,你去任何一間證券公司,看看還有幾多間可以單靠佣金生存的?現時大部分的證券公司,都是靠着直接參與金融活動,來作主要的收入。例如說,包銷,如果沒人認購,包銷商便要「上身」。又例如說,借孖展,股票只是一個平台,以「找到」借孖展的客戶。由於孖展的利息極為昂貴,所以利潤也極豐厚。再例如說,其屬下的基金參與市場的炒賣,以賺取利潤,當然了,炒輸了,是會賠本的,不過很多時是客戶的資金,但是公司也常常參與一部分。
金融機構求存 寧富貴險中求
為甚麼會有上述的情況出現呢?因為在今時今日的金融世界,已經沒有了「平孔」這回事。就算是發認股證的輪商,也不會手上有足夠的股票,才去出輪,而是有兩三成的「貨底」,就會去發行窩輪了。由於金融買賣的交易成本愈來愈低,單靠它來作為主要收入,一定入不敷支。所以金融機構的經營方式,是利用資本來作高風險投資,才能得到合理的利潤。
當所有人都不肯去「平孔」,個個都去參與市場活動、去賭博,單靠「平孔」的公司,賺取居差價或佣金,就沒有競爭力了。我有一位好朋友,開的就是純粹的broker house,就是不能維持,轉賣了。
同樣道理,現時最成功的高盛、大摩等外資公司,根本不是broker house,而是市場莊家。因為這是一個風險的年代,在金融世界,已經不能安安穩穩的生存了,因為安全就即是沒有競爭力,就即是死。

10/17/2011

索羅斯與對沖基金


撰文:周顯
欄名:周顯手記
投資界的索羅斯向來是個「惹火」的人物,在1992年,他狙擊英鎊,大賺了十億美元,在1997年,他狙擊亞洲諸國,又是大獲全勝。而在今年,他大舉運軍中國地區,大本營設在香港,然後香港的股市就大跌了,但又是在今年,81歲的他宣佈退休了,但卻又突然列入了《福布斯》的世界第7名富豪。
老貓也曾燒鬚 選錯對手打
當然,索羅斯也不是長勝的,例如說,他在1998年時狙擊香港市場便失敗了。此一役固然是因為香港政府出了茅招,突然入市,打他一個措手不及,但他也是犯了一個技術上的嚴重錯誤,就是永遠不要狙擊一個現金充裕的政府,因為狙擊手的對象永遠是窮國,不是有錢人。在科網股時,他也犯上了入市太遲的錯誤,結果也是損手收場,這證明了強如他,也不是永遠正確、不會犯錯的。
但是索羅斯的投資有一個優點,就是他好像永遠洞悉美國政府的想法,所以往往能夠走在政府的前頭,快人一步,理想達到。例如說,他在1973年成名的一役,就是看準了美國國防部會大量購置新武器,因而購入軍事股票,因而賺取了第一桶金。至於其中有沒有快人一步,得到消息,那就不得而知了。而他狙擊亞洲貨幣,因而令到美國進一步打開了亞洲市場,並且得以廉價購入大量的亞洲資產,也不用多說了。
對沖基金不敢狙擊美元
很奇怪的是,這些對沖基金興風作浪,卻絕對不敢狙擊美元,美國市場的波動也常較亞洲諸國為低。經濟學家克魯明在多年前說過一句話,就是雖然美國的立場是大讚自由市場,可是如果對沖基金膽敢對美國貨幣興風作浪,相信其主持人早給拉進低設防監獄,進行勞動了。
值得留意的是,近年來,索羅斯的基金的成績不算太好,我很陰謀論地歸咎於他在小布殊政府時代,便和美國政府唱對台,反對其入侵伊拉克,至於這會不會影響到他的消息來源和投資成績,就不得而知了。
獲取消息 關係要緊
在此岔開一筆,話說在中國,如果它要支持一個人,去搞一些政治性的工作,有很多不成文的撥款方式。例如說,如果它要支持某位人士去搞一間私營電視台,其中一個常見的方式是用銀行貸款,中間當然還得經過複雜的過程,不消提了。
而美國政府如要支持一些外國的政治活動,例如傳媒,或民運人士之類,政府也不用特別撥款,但是有一些基金卻懂得主動的「體諒」政府的用心,主動,嗯,例如說,買股票撐傳媒集團,或者是投資搞沒有人看的期刊,用高薪聘請一些異見分子當編輯之類。但這些基金的錢從何來呢?它們總不用付鈔來愛國吧?要知道,它們的管理階層同政府高層的關係非同小可,要想得到一些政府的消息,一點兒也不困難。
又說回索羅斯了。在蓋茨和巴菲特開始捐錢之前,他一直是美國最大的慈善家,不過主要目標不是扶貧,而是促進民主和言論自由,以及改善教育,這些和美國的外交政策是相同的。而他在在1979年成立了開放社會基金,之後在東歐、中歐、俄羅斯都成立了基金,目的都是在於宣傳那些開放、自由、民主之類的觀念。

10/07/2011

脆弱的品牌和永恆的價值


撰文:周顯
欄名:周顯手記
股神巴菲特當然是我佩服的偶像,可是他的某些想法,我卻不敢苟同。其中很重要一點,就是我們對永恆的價值,也即是對名牌的看法,是大相徑庭。
他長期持有「可口可樂」這品牌,並且賺了大錢,但在我的心目中,「可口可樂」可能是一個品牌,但它卻不能算是一個名牌。無疑地,「可口可樂」在經營上是十分成功,但是一個品牌、一間公司的成功可能只是因為它的市場策略有效,但卻不能代表它是一個名牌,更不代表它有永恆的價值。
同樣道理,在近年來,「星巴克」和「麥當勞」的生意也很不錯,我同意它們的品牌策略和市場推廣十分成功,但也不能算是名牌,因為這種品牌的東西的忠誠度很低,很容易被取代。而我向來不喜歡蘋果,因為它每次推出新產品,都是一場大賭博,就像一個次次賭身家的賭徒,自然也不能算是一個名牌。
名牌品質 同類產品不能相比
在我的心目中,名牌除了牌子夠照之外,還有一種特質,就是它的品質,是其他同類產品所不能比得上的,而由於它擁有這種技術,而其他競爭對手沒有,所以它可以永遠保持市場上的優勢。當然,能夠保持這種技術優勢,是因為它並不量產,永遠珍惜羽毛,保持在製作上的質素。當然,這也並不代表它不會增產,而只是說,它只會逐步增加產量,而不會一下子大量的增發,竭澤而漁,一下子令到市場崩潰。
因此,在我心目中的真正的名牌,有甚麼呢?這包括了Hermes啦、法拉利啦、栢德翡麗啦、拉弗酒莊啦等等,都是品質勝於同儕,而且有着長長的等候名冊,所以就算在市場逆境時,也不會影響到它們的生意額,只會令到等候名單短上一點而已。
它們的品質,是經過多年來的市場考驗,當然沒有問題。它們不單有名牌,而且有生產高品質產品的經驗,而這經驗得來的技術優勢,則永遠優於其競爭對手。還有一點是極其重要的,就是這類產品的毛利非常之高,而且遠高於其競爭對手,例如說,一個Hermes Birkin的售價是十萬八萬起跳,但一個路易威登的同質素包包可能是兩三萬,這比喻可能有點不倫,因為兩者並非相同貨色,正如保時捷和法拉利也是不同的產品。但很明顯,售價較高者的毛利率也較高,一旦市場逆轉,也比較有競爭力。
名牌不以銷量、利潤極大化為目標
這即是說,在我的心目中,一個真正的名牌並不以銷量極大化、利潤極大化為目標,而是要維持產品的質素,和這品牌的永恆價值。像可口可樂、麥當勞這種量產型的公司,只能算是一間成功的公司,或是一個成功的商業品牌,它們可能很能賺錢,但卻不能說是一個名牌,而它們在市場上的地位是很容易被取代的。像蘋果iphone這種高科技產品,顧客的忠誠度極低,它們只是有名的牌子,但卻沒有永恆的價值。
像拉弗酒莊,或是Hermes包包,這些產品一出就是數十年,不用改進,當然是最好的情況,法拉利車廠差上一點,因為數年要轉一款,但是它的技術優勝,其他量產的跑車在這數十年來追不上它,可以估計的,在未來也很難追上這技術。
這篇文章的主題並非介紹名牌,只是說,有一些大眾的牌子,所謂的品牌效應,只是建築在一個空中樓閣,而不是建築在永恆的質素之上,一旦要逆轉時,是快得不能想像的,例如說,思捷(00330

10/03/2011

职场中的人情投资如何才能处理得当?

 职场人情,相信没有人不知道,但很少有人能完全想明白:对于送人情的,该如何送才能恰到好处,既贴心又不显得“巴结”;对于受人情的,目的性太强的,礼太重的又该如何拒绝?受了人情,日后一定要归还吗……

  职场新丁困惑:投资人情是门大学问

  曾针对职场人情做过一项调查显示:81%的人越来越重视人情投资,他们认为这是拓宽人际、增强人脉的有效手段,“在特殊事件送礼,请客吃饭”成为常用的手段,与此同时,有16%的职场人从心里抗拒这件事,但还是纠结地进行着。虽然大家都知道人情投资的重要性,可真正怎么做才能恰到好处,很多人比较困惑,尤其是职场新丁。前程无忧网的一项调查显示:有50%的人认为在职场人情方面最大困扰是如何投资人情,认为这是一门大学问。阿伟今年9月份刚参加工作,他表示:自己也明白人情世故的重要性,可不知道该从哪着手,做得淡了,好像跟不上大家的潜规则,做得过了,又怕惹上“拍马屁”的嫌疑。“做销售最讲人情关系,我该怎样与他们打交道,使之成为工作中的朋友;另外与上司、与同事的人情也是必要投资的,这关乎到饭碗的问题。” 对于职场人情,阿伟只好自己摸索着行事。

  ——职场人情烦恼二三事——

  烦恼一 人情消费不堪重负

  “这个月我已收到三份‘红色炸弹’了,再这样下去,我只能吃泡面了。”在事业单位工作的小钟叫苦道,每到年底或节假日,他都要经受一番“人情轰炸”。“其实,人家能给你请帖,说明重视彼此的关系,这也是一个投资人情的好机会,可有时这些投资都是很‘远’的。”国庆期间,小钟接到一个陌生电话,对方很热情地称呼他为老班长,并邀请他参加婚礼。小钟有些纳闷,一时想不起是谁,经对方提示才勉强回忆起,原来是三年前的系统任职培训班的学员,这几年很少联系。“没办法,人家那么热情,也不好推辞。不过有的以短信方式通知的,没见过几回面的,我一般也会找个借口推辞掉。”

  有时候,为了节省一些人情费,小钟都是独身参加同事的婚礼或者其他宴会,很少带老婆去。听说韩国人结婚也讲究排场,请几百人是很正常的事,有时为了凑人数,邀请的对象成了同事的同事,朋友的朋友,收到请帖的人自然是苦不堪言。看来,人情消费是困扰全世界的,并不是中国独有的。小钟觉得,人情关系已成为一项职场潜规则,尽管自己觉得很累,但也必须遵守。

  烦恼二 与上司建人情最难

  身在职场中,如果与上司仅仅保持工作关系,而没有任何私人关系上的来往,那么再和谐的气氛最终也会变得紧张,公司职员晓露就有这样的感受:刚开始工作,她只是天真地认为做好本职工作就可以了,可渐渐她发现,这样的关系很不利于工作,看着其他同事和老板有说有笑,自己却插不上话,很郁闷。

  “我应该跟老板拉拉关系,建立一些最基本的人情。”醒悟过来的晓露决定付诸行动,刚好有个机会,她无意中得知老板下个月生日,便打算从生日礼物着手。“要不要问问同事会怎样做?该怎么送礼?算了,万一被他们说自己是马屁精可就惨了,还是独自行动吧。”老板是个时尚女人,晓露最终在商场挑了一个漂亮的胸针,体积小,也不显露,并封了一个红包,写上了祝福语。礼物买好了,该怎么送又是问题,晓露观察到老板每天下班都很晚,这是一个好机会。第二天下班后,晓露等其他同事都走后来到老板办公室。老板有些惊讶,但还是很愉快地接受了礼物,可是令晓露尴尬的是老板坚持退掉红包。

  尽管走出了第一步,可晓露还是忐忑不安,老板到底会怎么看她呢?会不会更惹人讨厌呢?以后的人情投资又该怎么做?一连串的问题使她烦恼不已。

  烦恼三 拒绝人情很难开口

  “投资人情难,拒绝人情更难。”在政府机关工作的梁先生对此深有体会。“前段时间,又有一个老乡让我帮他侄子找工作。”虽说他们常跟企业打交道,可真正要介绍人过去,梁先生心里还是没底。“尽管我知道希望不大,但却很难回绝,毕竟有老乡情分在里面,我只能是尽力而为了。有时候也觉得自己也很虚伪,明明已经能看到不好的结果,却还让他们在那抱有希望。”对于这样的事,梁先生常常感到很自责,却又无法直接拒绝,只因有人情在里面。

  周末,梁先生有时会收到一些聚会邀请,朋友的、老乡的、校友的,他知道,这里面多少有人情投资的成分。在梁先生看来,拒绝人情也是一门技巧,关系很熟的,自然可以直接告诉困难;关系一般的,就要想尽办法去帮忙,实在不行再告诉结果,这样,自己才不至于显得太“无情”。

  一、必须建立自己的人情账户

  有调查显示:51%的职场人正处在人情账户储蓄期,人情投资是他们的主要关注点;29%的人处于人情账户平衡期,既有人情的消费也有人情的投资;还有2%的人表示属于账户透支型,他们欠了一身的人情债,没法还;当然也有18%的人表示,他们没有人情账户。“对于没有人情账户的职场人来说,这是一个危险的信号,预示着你会越来越脱离这个社会群体,到最后就会成为孤家寡人。” 汪成建议职场新人应该尽快建立自己的人情账户,这个账户是既有投入也有消费,形成良性循环。汪成提到一个小窍门:拿一本小本子,记录下你所有认识的人,写上他们的联系方式及所拥有资源,然后分类,确定谁可以每周联系一次,谁每月联系一次。这样便能花最少的精力去维护人情,延长保质期。

  二、送礼不是最佳方法

  “一般认为,送礼是投资人情的最佳方法,其实不然,有的人送礼没把握好时间和地点,有可能会使对方更反感自己,最佳的投资方法是‘顺水推舟’,既不张扬,对方也容易接受。”汪成谈道,与上司做人情,还要弄清楚上司的喜好,如果上司爱运动,不妨送他球赛门票,或在空余时间邀请他一起运动;上司爱打扮的,不妨送她一些小饰品,很自然地告诉她是自己顺带买的。正常的人际交往,没有拍马屁的嫌疑。在同事之间,也可以从细节入手,小人情完全可以让你找到贴心朋友。

  三、有些人情该坚决拒绝

  “处在一定位置上的人,总会收到方方面面的人情,有人不好意思拒绝,怕伤了朋友之间的交情。结果是人情越收越多,事情没办成,反倒欠了很多人情债。” 汪成说,如果对方要求你的事,会违反自身原则或企业制度,或你依靠个人能量办不到时,就一定要头脑清醒地学会拒绝。另外,人家送你的这个人情,自我感觉还不起,比如,特别贵重的礼品,也不要接受。拒绝人情要讲技巧,首先要真诚,实事求是地告诉对方自己实在没办法,另外要就事论事,虽然事情没办法,不要影响彼此的交情,两人的交情是永久存在的。

  “职场人情”小规则

  未雨绸缪,早施于人:无论如何,求人办事并不容易,提前投资,储蓄人情。
(按:但鑒於壞帳比率高,不應投資大量金錢)

  蓄零为整,瓜熟蒂落:看似一个小小的帮忙,比如你只是告诉她哪里有打折物品,但对于他人而言可能是意义重大的情谊。

  有来有往,结网而安:一次性人情是失败的人情交往,很有可能就是一种交易。送人情,再还人情,再送人情,再还人情……才是良好的人情循环。

  体贴入微,供人最需:在不违反法规条例以及做人原则的前提下,给予别人需要的,才是最有价值的人情。

  来而不往非礼也。一次性人情是失败的人情交往,很有可能就是一种交易。送人情,还人情;再送人情,再还人情……才是良好的人情循环。互相关心、互相帮助,彼此有来有往成为朋友,这样的人情才能长久。

10/02/2011

以史為鑑

原來股票真係可以跌99%!我地真係要做到buy and homework.

【明報專訊】《華爾街日報》報道,著名菲林製造商柯達聘請了專門處理破產的美國眾達律師事務所,引起外界對柯達可能申請破產的猜測,令柯達周五的股價急跌超過一半。柯達收市後發表聲明否認申請破產,指僱用律師行「僅為徵詢重組意見」。不過,柯達的財務狀况堪憂,今年上半年營運虧損達8.47億美元,截止6月30日,手頭現金僅餘9.57億美元,其際遇正反映數碼攝影崛起如何摧殘一間叱咤一時的攝影界巨擘。

股價一日急跌逾半 收市後否認破產

柯達在聲明中承認,已經聘請了專門處理破產的眾達(Jones Day)律師事務所,但僱用律師行僅為徵詢重組意見,並不是為了申請破產,指公司「決心履行所有承諾,無意申請破產」,並會繼續探索其他可行方案。眾達律師事務所一向以處理公司破產見稱,曾代表美國車廠佳士拿與政府進行破產談判。眾達以往除了建議客戶申請破產,亦會提供其他財務建議,包括發行新債或新股集資、向債權人達成以股抵債等方案。

股價14年跌99%

在周五傳出柯達可能申請破產的消息前,柯達上周已披露公司從4億美元的信用額度大幅借出1.6億美元,令外界擔心柯達的現金流是否充足,評級機構穆迪在上周二亦因此下調柯達的信貸評級至Caa2,屬「高度投機」級別;惠譽亦將評級由CC降至CCC,令柯達股價大幅插水,跌穿2美元水平。到周五破產消息傳出,柯達股價更跌至0.78美元,較97年2月的92美元高位大跌超過99%。

柯達行政總裁佩雷斯(Antonio Perez)上周向全球近1.9萬名員工大派定心丸,在非正式會議上進行直播,表明公司無意申請破產,希望員工可以放心工作,但投資者卻不以為然,在2013年到期票、面值1美元的柯達債券,現時交易價格僅為26美仙,較上周76.5美仙大幅下挫,反映柯達違約風險大增。

買專利 告侵權 求套現

自佩雷斯在2005年掌舵以來,柯達的業務一直未見起色,任職行政總裁多年,公司僅1年有盈利。知情人士透露,公司董事局暫無意「換馬」,佩雷斯應可繼續留任。現時柯達財務狀况的確令人擔憂,今年上半年營運虧損達8.47億美元,截止6月30日,手頭現金僅餘9.57億美元,但佩雷斯聲言會在年底前透過出售資產及專利權,令柯達的現金增加至16至17億美元。柯達7月發表聲明稱,手上有1.1萬項專利權,並有意出售其中1100項有關數碼影像處理的專利。柯達亦正就相片預覽(Preview)技術,狀告蘋果及黑莓手機侵犯專利,索償10億美元,待美國國際貿易委員會(ITC)裁決。

9/19/2011

美基金經理押寶港元升值

《華爾街日報》 -- 美國知名的基金經理阿克曼(Bill Ackman)最新、最大、最猛的投資想法是投資港元。供職於對沖基金Pershing Square的阿克曼說,港元是世界上估值最低的貨幣之一。

阿克曼在紐約「Delivering Alpha」論壇的午餐會上作報告時詳述了香港的經濟史,借此來闡述投資港元的理由。他說,所有跡象都預示港元會被重估,這會讓他的投資獲得豐厚回報。

阿克曼近些年曾對J.C. Penney Co.和General Growth Properties Inc.等公司做長線投資。

投資港元有哪些具體操作辦法?阿克曼說,投資者可以「直接」買入港元。

他說,對大街上的普通人來說,這是一種保險的做法。他還說,押注港元的投資在他的投資組合中所佔比重較小,但有可能取得巨大的回報。阿克曼說,如果行得通,它的盈利能力將遠超其他投資。

第二個操作辦法是借助槓桿手段買入港元。他說,這「有點像對沖基金的手法」。
第三個是買進港元的看漲期權,這似乎是他真正喜歡的辦法。他說,這屬於成本最低的選項。

他提醒,投資港元至少有一個風險,那就是中國。

阿克曼說,中國要是陷入崩潰,對這種投資來說就不妙了。他還說,中國經濟走弱會損害所有人的利益。

撰稿:華爾街日報Steve Eder

免費報紙真的免費嗎?

越來越多免費報紙面世,令人目不暇給。大家只要早上在較旺的地鐵站乘車,不難可以拿到三至四份的免費報紙。說真的,它們的內容差異不太大。有點閱讀能力的,可以在5至10分鐘內看完一份免費報紙。由於免費報紙是廣告主導,腦海中只是廣告,正是免費報紙的目的,希望可以影響一個人的購物決定。

世界上沒有免費午餐,報紙六元一份。買貴了一張機票,買錯了一件產品,損失的肯定不只此數。以相同的5至10分鐘,收費報紙給予的資訊會更多及更全面。幫助我們作出明智的選擇。可是人的本性是貪快及追求降低成本。往往忽略了分析。當沒有太深入的分析時,所作的決策未必是最好的。

我曾經因為想省回買旅遊書的費用,只影印十數頁的旅遊資料到美國旅遊,但一下車便找錯了路,也住了較昂貴的酒店,單是首天的損失已是一本優質旅遊書的價值,真是得不償失。投資於股票也要花點金錢與時間閱讀報章及雜誌,買股票的成本動輒數千元不等,利潤也有數百元或以上。若投資額不上此數,卻沒有包括購入及閱讀更佳資訊的成本,想起來也有點奇怪。

免費報紙的銷路越來越好,從廣告收益看是好事,但在閱讀風氣不盛行的香港卻是壞事。免費報紙內的東西不會太深入,讀者只知道片面的東西,時間省卻了,但會帶來決策錯誤的風險。金融界的人士有個特色,他們時刻都在收集及分析各樣的資訊,但普通的投資者只依賴不太詳盡的新聞報道或是免費報紙的描述,很容易成為別人的陪葬品。

我不是說免費報紙不好,只是認為只看免費報紙所作的決定與既看免費報紙及收費報紙的決定有所不同。而這些不同決定背後的成本差異,便是閱讀免費報紙的費用了。舉例說,免費報紙贈送2元的早餐優惠5張,顧客省回10元。加上不購買收費報紙每份6元共5天,共省回40元。同時此讀者因為看了以廣告為主的免費報紙買了一樣不合適的東西,成本為100元,比起省回的錢高了很多。

同樣的道理也發生在商場。商場的洗手間是免費,但原來商場出售的東西比起其他地方貴,那差價便是你用那免費洗手間的成本了。

李兆波
中大酒店及旅遊管理學院會計及財務高級導師

9/10/2011

胡應湘轟香港有地不善用 700萬人擠在20%土地 樓價怎不貴?


【明報專訊】現年75歲的合和(0054)主席胡應湘,可說是身經百戰,在香港、外地和國內,都曾發展大型地產和基建項目。他最近在接受明報記者訪問時,認為香港土地規劃不當,令樓價高企不下,不利香港的長遠發展。
近年樓價高企,成為社會和政治的計時炸彈,胡應湘認為:「香港最大問題,是自己以為高章的人,八十後、九十後,整彎自己,好容易受環保分子引導,以為一起屋,就是破壞環境,他們整出聲音,而規劃當局裏頭的人,則是十指不掂陽春水,只記得教科書教落,一個地方的密度要如何。」「澳洲這麼大的地方,只得2000多萬人,香港的規劃當局卻學人家的標準,而香港只有不足1100平方公里,用了的地不足20%,700萬人就踎在這只用了20%的土地,即不到200多平方公里。」
「害後生仔打成世工都買唔到樓」
「第一,用地已不多,在可用地起多一些又嘈,只能將『地價』挾貴,貴地你害不到『阿叔』,我眉精眼企,快快買了地便等,但卻害到這些後生仔,打成世工都買唔到樓,咪等同自己作賤自己?」
「你看看,自1979年開放到現在,大陸哪個發展城市,不是大了3、4倍?如上海,往時只有浦西區的一小塊,現在又浦東,閔行,乜都有;北京,六個環了;廣州,以前天河是機場,我起中國大酒店的流花橋,是打靶場來的,現在卻變了市中心區。」
「所以,香港的土地政策是失敗的,應該重新檢討,要滿足得到香港人的住屋,為何要住得這樣擠?」
胡應湘認為,土地用途是要「拗手瓜」,非常競爭性,「我哋要做國際金融中心,這要寫字樓供應,又有多少寫字樓地賣出來呢?英國佬就叻,懂『執生』,1953年12月25日耶穌誕,石峽尾大火,三萬五人無家可歸,逼住香港政府起徙置區,一路一路做,好處是低下層不用付高租金,可以積蓄,細路讀到書,讀不到書,也做個工廠仔,可以慢慢上。」
星洲密度高 住屋卻勝港「成倍」
「今時今日,香港人咁多錢,咁高收入,點解要住成咁?這樣的收入,去到澳洲、加拿大,人哋可以住到幾靚?香港住成咁,就是不肯用地。……有一樣你會覺得奇怪,新加坡人口密度比香港高,但住屋好過香港成倍,政府可以搵10個工程師,去人哋度踎1個月,學足佢啲嘢。」「用地不要咁傻,好似填海,這裏灣仔不是填出來?乜都反對,法治好緊要,好似美孚,人家買了地,可以起得,點能夠反對?好似規劃局,任佢話,可以突然唔畀起高,又不用補償。」
應派人到星洲學習
對於香港樓市,胡應湘稱唔識睇,不敢講,但就好希望後生仔買到樓。「世界冇話不勞而獲,一分耕耘,一分收穫,我1958年畢業,做了五十幾年。……樓市幾個因素,一是需求,愈多人追逐一件嘢,價錢就會上,自己收入很緊要,如果冇錢,你點能夠買?所以國民收入高,樓價會跟住高,仲有,如果買時能夠賖,銀行能夠借九成,如果唔借,價錢就低,仲有就係location(位置)。」
對於近期金融市場波動,會否擔心再有金融海嘯?胡應湘稱:「冇可能,因個個政府都驚,會團結,因不會只「辣」一個(國家),一辣個個辣,佢哋不是想團結,而是被迫團結,雖然德國在嘈,但嘈也公道,因要磅咁多水,連嘈也不能嘈?」
「冇大陸睇住 香港衰得」
他又認為,外圍環境不會令香港有事,「因大陸冇事,大陸好聰明,你外面點搞,佢睬你都傻,幾多壓力比中國,(總理)溫家寶一於唔睬你。」
香港有這麼多的現金,又有大陸睇住,冇大陸睇,香港衰得。大陸經濟係放慢,但唔慢唔得,因而睇住inflation,而通脹一定會搞掂,因政府在收縮銀根,經濟有好有壞,正如聰明的蘇東坡話齋﹕月有陰晴圓缺。」
明報記者 陸振球

9/03/2011

Financial Adviser Information (IPP)

Our Team
IPP is staffed by a team of qualified Financial Practitioners focusing in the area of comprehensive life insurance,investment and financial planning. Our financial advisers consist of people with experience in investment, life insurance, banking, financial, accounting, taxation, economics, and other financial services

Our Service   
Our role as a financial adviser is an important one. We understand each client has a unique financial situation. At the start, we would get to know you and establish your needs and goals and develop a financial plan that will enable you to turn your dreams into reality. 
We take pride in the development of a comprehensive financial plan for our clients. IPP’s very own and proven pillars of financial planning looks into these 4 areas:
Wealth Protection
Wealth Accumulation
Wealth Management
Wealth Distribution 

With this, your IPP financial adviser will come up with specific recommendations to help you work towards your stated goals. He will look for ways to achieve them and offer alternative solutions.
 
We do periodic reviews and revisions of your insurance and investment portfolios to keep your financial plan up-to-date. This enables you to better take on the changes in your life and also of the opportunities in current economic conditions. Periodic reviews show the progress you are making in reaching your goals.

Selecting a Financial Adviser
At IPP, our financial advisers are trained in the fields of investment, insurance, leading them to provide financial planning tailored to your specific needs. Our advice is based on a detailed study of your unique situation. We understand that every client has distinct requirements, thus "cookie-cutter" advice and recommendations will not befit you. 

Fees & Charges
Like most professional practice, IPP advisers base our fees on the complexity and amount of time spent on each case. IPP’s fees, commissions and compensation arrangements with our clients are equitable and add significant value to our clients' overall financial and investment plan. 

http://www.ippfa.com/

Is A Career In Financial Planning In Your Future?

The job goes by a lot of names, including financial planner, financial advisor and personal financial consultant, but it's rarely called what it typically is: financial products sales.

Financial planners earn a living by helping people sort through and choose investments, insurance and other financial products. They do retirement planning, college funding, estate planning and general investment analysis. (To learn more, see What Is A Registered Investment Advisor?)

Obtaining New BusinessFinding clients who need those services and building a customer base is crucial to experiencing success as a financial planner because referrals from satisfied clients are an important source of new business. Whether you find new clients by giving seminars or lectures, through social or business contacts or simply by cold calling, find them you must.

Having a broad social network is one reason that many successful financial planners enter the field after working in a related occupation such as accountant, auditor, insurance sales agent, lawyer, or securities, commodities and financial services sales agent. (For more insight, read Targeting Ideal CustomersCold Call Without Getting The Cold Shoulder and Alternatives To The Cold Call.)

What Education Will Lead to Employment?Financial planning employers look for candidates with a bachelor's degrees in accounting, finance, economics, business, mathematics or law. Courses in investments, taxes, estate planning and risk management are also helpful. Programs in financial planning are becoming more widely available in colleges and universities.

Financial analysts may also seek the Certified Financial Planner® (CFP®), the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) the Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC) designations.

Generally, a license is not required to work as a personal financial advisor, but advisors who sell stocks, bonds, mutual funds or insurance may need licenses such as the Series 6, 7, or 63. These exams are administered by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA, formerly the NASD) and in order to take most of these exams, sponsorship by a member firm or self regulatory organization is required. (For more information, see Which popular professional certification exams do not require sponsorship?)

Where Do Advisors Work?More than half of all financial advisors work for finance and insurance companies, including securities and commodity brokers, banks, insurance carriers and financial investment firms. However, four out of 10 personal financial advisors are self employed, operating small investment advisory firms, usually in urban areas.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the overall employment of financial analysts and personal financial advisors is expected to increase faster than the average (by 27% or more) for all occupations through 2014. This is a result of the increased investment by businesses and individuals, the rising number of self-directed retirement plans and the growing number of seniors. Personal financial advisors will benefit even more than financial analysts as baby boomers save for retirement and as a better educated and wealthier population requires investment advice. In addition, people are living longer and must plan to finance more years of retirement.

Is financial planning the right career for you? Take this quiz to help you find out:
Quiz: Is Financial Planning Right For You?

1. How comfortable are you with making sales?
A. I could sell my grandmother a ticket to a SuperNova concert with no guarantee that she'll enjoy the performance.
B. I could sell my grandmother that SuperNova ticket, but I would feel guilty if she didn't like the show.
C. Only a bad person would sell his or her grandmother a SuperNova ticket.

2. At what stage of life are you?
A. I just graduated from college.
B. I've been out of school for a few years.
C. I've been in my line of work for several years, but I'm ready for a change.

3. How much of an extrovert are you?
A. I have been the president of nearly every club I have ever joined.
B. I have enough friends to make me happy.
C. A good book, a room to myself and no interruptions is my idea of heaven.

4. You could be described as:
A. both analytical and a good communicator.
B. analytical, but not a good communicator, or a good communicator, but not analytical.
C. neither analytical, nor a good communicator.

5. At work, I prefer to do my job:
A. completely independently
B. somewhat independently.
C. as part of a team.

6. What appeals most to me about becoming a planner is:
A. the challenge of building a client base.
B. the creation of my own business.
C. the analysis of investments.

7. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual income for financial planners was $62,700 in 2004 - this includes commission income. How do you feel about that?
A. I've never been average and I'll earn more than the median.
B. That would work for me.
C. Working for commissions only makes me nervous.

Results
If you answered mostly As, then financial planning could be the right career for you. You're energized, rather than terrified, by the idea of earnings a substantial amount of your compensation through commissions. If you have the right connections and the energy level to work that network, you could succeed in this tough career.

If you answered mostly Bs, then you need a back-up plan. Financial planning might work, but you're likely to end up among the 80% of planners who, according to William F. Cole's "The Complete Financial Advisor" (2006), are in the business for less than five years. When sales don't work out, what will you do next and how will you sell yourself to your next employer?

If you answered mostly Cs, don't even think about financial planning. If you love the portfolio analysis side, consider working as a financial analyst. If math is your strong subject, go into financial engineering or quantitative analysis. You'll make more money without having to sell all day long. (For further reading, see Becoming A Financial Analyst.)

To read more, see Studying For The CFP Exam.
A former Gannett assignment editor, Dona DeZube is an award-winning professional writer with more than two decades of experience. Today, her specialty is translating complex financial and health news into the kind of how-to stories consumers can really use. Her financial work has appeared in major dailies, such as the Miami Herald and the Chicago Tribune, top trade magazines including Today's Realtor and Mortgage Banking Magazine and online at Inman News, the leading electronic broadcast service in real estate. <


Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/articles/financialcareers/06/financialplanningquiz.asp#ixzz1WtDHt8Z7
 
My result:
Quiz: Is Financial Planning Right For You?

1. How comfortable are you with making sales?
A. I could sell my grandmother a ticket to a SuperNova concert with no guarantee that she'll enjoy the performance.
B. I could sell my grandmother that SuperNova ticket, but I would feel guilty if she didn't like the show.
C. Only a bad person would sell his or her grandmother a SuperNova ticket.

B
 
2. At what stage of life are you?
A. I just graduated from college.
B. I've been out of school for a few years.
C. I've been in my line of work for several years, but I'm ready for a change.

A

3. How much of an extrovert are you?
A. I have been the president of nearly every club I have ever joined.
B. I have enough friends to make me happy.
C. A good book, a room to myself and no interruptions is my idea of heaven.

B

4. You could be described as:
A. both analytical and a good communicator.
B. analytical, but not a good communicator, or a good communicator, but not analytical.
C. neither analytical, nor a good communicator.

B

5. At work, I prefer to do my job:
A. completely independently
B. somewhat independently.
C. as part of a team.

B

6. What appeals most to me about becoming a planner is:
A. the challenge of building a client base.
B. the creation of my own business.
C. the analysis of investments.

C

7. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual income for financial planners was $62,700 in 2004 - this includes commission income. How do you feel about that?
A. I've never been average and I'll earn more than the median.
B. That would work for me.
C. Working for commissions only makes me nervous.

A

So, You Want To Earn Your CFA?

It's pretty easy to bump into someone in the financial profession who is really excited about entering the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) program. Sometimes, they know what they are getting into. Sometimes they don't. They may have no idea how much time it takes or exactly how having the charter may help or hurt them.

Make no mistake about it - earning the CFA charter is a grueling process, so if the thought has crossed your mind that it might be worthwhile to begin the process, you had better check your preconceived ideas at the door and make sure your dream is not just a passing fancy. Before you commit, consider what it takes to earn the charter, how it will benefit you and your career, the negatives of going through the process and whether the pros outweigh the cons in your case. In this article, we'll help take you through that decision process.

What it Takes to Earn the Charter
The CFA Institute requires three steps to become a CFA charter holder. They include:

  1. Pass all three levels of the CFA exam in succession
  2. Acquire 48 months of "acceptable professional work experience"
  3. Join the CFA Institute, which includes completing a professional conduct statement, and affiliate with a local chapter. (To view the complete list of steps, visit the CFA Institute's website.)
For many people, the most difficult facet of earning a charter is fulfilling the educational requirements. The CFA program consists of three exams encompassing a "candidate body of knowledge" (CBOK) that the CFA Institute believes is necessary for those in the investment profession.  (To read more about this and get step-by-step instructions on how to earn your charter, see Becoming A Financial Analyst and Pass Your CFA Exams The First Time.)

1. The Levels and Time Level I is given in the late fall and late spring, while levels II and III are given only once a year in the late spring. Candidates must pass each level before moving on to the next.

The statistics are grim. On any given year, anywhere from roughly 40-65% of candidates for each level pass their exams. This means that even with the most optimistic scenarios, statistically, less than 30% of those who begin the CFA program as level I candidates actually go on to pass level III.

The investment of time is often the most important. The CFA Institute estimates that the average candidate should spend at least 250 hours preparing for each level (which, depending on when you start studying, is generally around six months). Most applicants will study 10-15 hours per week to prepare for each exam.

2. The RequirementsOnce you've considered the levels and time required, you must look at the professional requirements. Before a candidate can receive the charter, he or she must have completed 48 months (or four years) of acceptable work experience. Fortunately, the CFA Institute's definition of acceptable experience is fairly broad, encompassing such areas as trading, economics and corporate finance. Still, there are a number of candidates who enter the program and are not in fields where anything they do can be construed to be part of the process. Some of these candidates may find that while they are able to pass the educational requirements, they will not receive the charter because they do not have the required professional experience.

3. The InstituteFinally, before candidates can receive their charters, they must join the CFA Institute. If you need any help with this process, check out the CFA Institute's website where this process is explained in detail.

Pros: How will the charter benefit you and your career?Benefits for YouTo help you decide whether to pursue the charter, let's take a look at how you will benefit from it. First, there is the educational benefit; you will learn a great deal and add a great credential to your CV. Then, there is the reputational benefit. People in the business know the time and dedication it takes to earn the charter. When they see that you have earned it, they will likely believe you have ability, dedication, ethical grounding and the hard, transferable analytical skills necessary to do the job in question.

There also may be financial benefits. You may see your salary increase after you've earned the charter or you may surpass other applicants when competing for a new job or position.

The operative word here is "may". Career success depends on a number of factors, including hard work and skill. Luck, dedication, political savvy and character have just as much to do with one's success in the investment profession as educational background; so don't view the charter as your golden ticket to financial paradise.

Benefits for Your Career
There are a number of financial fields where it makes sense to go through all the time and trouble to earn the charter. The obvious is investment management. As the investment industry continues to become more competitive (fewer positions) and somewhat commoditized, it will become almost imperative for any credible investment manager to earn the charter.

Outside of that, there are a number of other professions in which charter holders will benefit considerably:
  1. Buy-side trader (investment management) or other buy-side professional positions
  2. Sell-side analyst (investment banking), associate, or other sell-side professional positions
  3. Business school professor
  4. Economist
  5. Financial advisor or financial planner
Beyond this list, there are a number of professions in which having the CFA Charter helps, but where it is not a career roadblock if the financial professional does not have it. (To find out if a career in finance is what you want, see What Does "CFA" Mean?, Is A Career In Financial Planning In Your Future? and Finding Your Place In The Financial Industry.)

Cons: Why wouldn't you want to earn the charter?The CFA charter is not a guaranteed path to riches and glory. Before taking the plunge, carefully consider several drawbacks to earning it:

The TimeBecoming a CFA is a huge investment in time - a minimum of 250 hours per year over three years. To put that in perspective, this is about 37% of a standard business year of 2,000 hours. You will sacrifice time with family and friends and the pursuit of hobbies you enjoy. And after all that, there is no guarantee that you will pass.

The CostWhile this factor may not be a major consideration, it is worth pondering. A level I candidate will pay a one-time program enrollment fee plus an exam registration fee. Level II and III candidates will pay a registration fee as well. Then, there are the books you'll have to buy plus the cost of any study programs. All together, these costs easily add up to several thousand dollars each year you attempt the exams.

The CareerThe CFA is not a panacea for an ailing career. If you're enrolling in the program to jump-start a stalling career, you may want to look at other reasons your career is not moving forward. Perhaps before investing inordinate amounts of time and some money into building your pedigree, you might choose to improve your soft skills such as work ethic and political suaveness.

Putting it All TogetherA variation of the good old-fashioned cost-benefit analysis may be the best way to decide on a career choice. On paper, plot out the costs versus the benefits of earning the charter. Carefully consider each point, both positive and negative, and its importance to you. Ponder for a day or two, or more if necessary, and then make your decision. Your decision may also alter as your career changes. A lost promotion in five years may change the balance from not pursuing the charter to chasing it full steam.

Earning the CFA charter may be the right decision for you, but before taking the plunge, consider what it takes to earn the charter, how earning the charter will benefit or hurt your career, and how all the factors weigh-in together. Whatever you decide, this analysis is a great introduction to the thought process you might later encounter as an investment manager.
Bill Artzberger, CFA, is an entrepreneur and investor in Houston, Texas. Before striking out on his own, Bill worked for more than five years at a privately held trust company. He has an MBA from Rice University and undergraduate degrees in marketing and journalism from Southern Methodist University


Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/articles/professionaleducation/07/CFA-charter.asp#ixzz1WtAhUW4j

CPA, CFA Or CFP - Pick Your Abbreviation Carefully


Whether you're searching for a good career path or just curious about the different financial credentials, this article will help guide you through three of the best known professional designations in the financial industry: Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) and Certified Financial Planner (CFP). Each of these three has a core career focus, and although their abbreviations often sound interchangeable, each designation gives you something unique. Follow along to discover how much coursework and study each designation requires, what careers they typically lead to and how much you could make. (For a basic breakdown on these designations and more, check out The Alphabet Soup Of Financial Certifications.)

Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
For most people, a CPA is best known as the person who prepares tax returns. CPAs certainly do that, but they do much more as well. A CPA license is legally required in order to do particular jobs, such as public accounting (independent auditing). However, one does not require a CPA license in order to prepare tax returns. State laws govern what CPAs can and cannot do with their license. (If you're looking for a good accountant, check out Crunch The Numbers To Find The Ideal Accountant.)

Requirements: Requirements vary by state, but in general, in order to sit for the CPA exam, applicants must have a bachelor's degree with 120 semester hours. To obtain the CPA designation, applicants must pass the Uniform CPA Exam, gain relevant work experience and meet additional educational requirements. Overall, additional educational requirements usually consist of 24-30 semester hours in accounting, earned through a graduate or bachelor's degree in business. Many states also require a minimum number of one to two years accounting and/or auditing experience. Some states may require 150 semester hours to obtain the CPA.
Aside from the experience requirements, a CPA license usually takes about 18 months to complete beyond the educational requirements. Many students choose to pursue a masters degree in accounting to fulfill their educational requirements.

Exam: Although classroom requirements are a major requirement, the CPA exam is a difficult task in its own right. Exams are administrated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the governing body of CPAs in the United States. The 14-hour computerized exam consists of four sections:
Auditing and attestation
Financial accounting and reporting
Regulation
Business environment and concepts
Careers: Many undergraduate accounting students receive job offers long before they graduate. Accounting is an in-demand field and is projected to continue to be so. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment is projected to grow 18% between 2006 and 2016; this amounts to nearly 226,000 new positions. For CPAs wishing to advance to senior-level corporate positions, two to three years of experience at a major accounting firm is crucial.

For those seeking gainful employment but not wishing to climb the corporate ladder, there are numerous positions available in every city for accountants at small accounting firms and practices. For more ambitious job seekers, lucrative CPA positions are available in hedge fund accounting and Sarbanes-Oxley-related work. The chief requirements for these positions are experience and an excellent educational background. (To learn the history of the accounting profession, check out The Rise Of The Modern-Day Bean Counter.)

Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
The CFA reputation in the business community is world class, and CFA charterholders work in many countries around the world. The CFA program is very broad, and might be more aptly described as the equivalent of a master's degree in finance with accompanying minors in accounting, economics, statistical analysis and portfolio management. Although the CFA designation is not a legal requirement to perform work as a financial analyst (the cornerstone CFA job), it is a great way to get a foot in the door for one of the most difficult jobs to crack. (For more on the pros and cons of this demanding designation, see So You Want To Earn Your CFA? and Becoming A Financial Analyst.)

By reputation, the best way to get a finance job on Wall Street is to get a Master of Business Administration degree from one of a handful of exclusive schools including Wharton, Harvard and Stanford. The second best way is to earn the CFA charter and have good industry experience. In some instances a CFA designation is even held in higher esteem than an MBA.

Requirements: The CFA designation (granted by the CFA Institute) earns its reputation mainly due to the grueling process candidates must endure to earn the CFA charter. While the exam is very democratic and open to anyone with a bachelor's degree, the only people with a realistic chance of passing are those who are serious about the field. The three general requirements to earn a CFA charter are to pass three exams, have an undergraduate degree (in any subject) and have three years related work experience in the financial area.

Exam: To earn the CFA charter, candidates must pass a six-hour exam for each of three levels. The first exam is available twice per year (in June and December) and the next two are only available in June. The pass rates on the three tests are slightly above 50%, so if you don't pass the second or third exam, you must wait one year to take it again.
Each of the three tests has overlapping material such as ethics and financial analysis. Generally, though, the first test covers broad financial principles, the second is a very intensive exam on financial analysis and accounting, and the third exam covers portfolio management and decision making. (For more on surviving your CFA exams see, Pass Your CFA Exams The First Time.)

Careers: According to the CFA Institute, 55% of charterholders work for institutional investors as in-house analysts, 15% work for broker-dealers, and the remaining 29% work for universities and the government. While not nearly as numerous as CPA jobs, CFA-related jobs are perhaps more lucrative. CFA Institute's 2007 Member Compensation Survey reports that the median compensation for an equity portfolio manager with less than five years of experience is $495,000. With over 10 years experience, the median yearly salary went up to $555,000.

Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) is the only designation of the three focused on investing. It provides an extremely practical course of study for those wishing to work directly with individual investors. The focus of the CFP is to train financial advisors to create and implement financial plans for investors.

Requirements and Exam: The requirements for the CFP, as specified by the CFP Board of Standards, are a bachelor's degree in any major, three years financial planning experience, other educational requirements (see below) and an exam. The 10-hour exam covers the following: investments planning, insurance, estate planning, risk management, tax and retirement planning.

In order to take the exam, one must complete a prescribed course of study - unless exempt - in relevant financial planning areas. These six required courses take about nine months to complete and are conducted on college campuses nationally. They are:
Financial planning: process and environment
Fundamentals of insurance planning
Income taxation
Planning for retirement needs
Investments
Fundamentals of estate planning

Careers: People who benefit the most from the CFP designation are those who usually work directly with individual clients. Opportunities exist nationally for people with the CFP, but it is not necessarily a key to a high-paying job, as opposed to the CPA designation. There is no typical salary with the CFP, as it helps gain client credibility in what is essentially an entrepreneurial position. Income potential is determined by the sales performance of the financial consultant, not by a salary scale. (If you aren't sure financial planning is for you, check out the quiz in Is A Career In Financial Planning In Your Future?)

Parting Thoughts
Of the three designations, only the CPA is governed by state laws (to protect the public interest). In choosing a designation to pursue, ask yourself what kind of work you want to do, where you want to work, and if you want to work as an employee with a guaranteed salary or an entrepreneur where the sky (and the basement) is the limit. No matter which you choose, each of these three financial designations will provide ample professional opportunities for those who spend the time and energy to earn them.

To learn the pros and cons of these designations and more, read Financial Designations Aren't All Created Equal.
by Daniel Myers, CFA, CFP
Daniel Myers has earned the CFA designation, the CFP certification and has managed money for investors since 1998. Read more about him at his company's website, King Capital Management, LLC.


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